Crop Monitor for AMIS
Report Information
No. 132: Published October 2nd, 2025
Conditions as of September 28th
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Overview
At the end of September, conditions are positive for wheat, maize, rice, and soybeans. For wheat, the spring wheat harvest is wrapping up in the northern hemisphere as winter wheat sowing begins under dry conditions in the Black Sea. In the southern hemisphere, conditions remain mostly favourable. For maize, the harvest continues in the northern hemisphere as sowing of the spring-planted crop begins in Brazil. For rice, conditions are overall favourable. For soybeans, conditions are favourable in the northern hemisphere as harvest picks up pace. In the southern hemisphere, sowing is beginning in Brazil.
Global crop condition map synthesizing information for all four AMIS crops as of September 28th. Crop conditions over the main growing areas for wheat, maize, rice, and soybean are based on a combination of national and regional crop analyst inputs and earth observation data. Crops that are in conditions other than favourable are displayed on the map with their crop symbol.
Crop Conditions at a Glance
Wheat – In the northern hemisphere, harvesting of spring wheat is wrapping up while the sowing of winter wheat begins. In the southern hemisphere, conditions remain favourable.
Maize – Harvesting is ongoing in the northern hemisphere as sowing begins in Brazil for the spring-planted crop (smaller season).
Rice – Global conditions are generally favourable as harvesting progresses in China and parts of Southeast Asia.
Soybeans – In the northern hemisphere, the harvest is progressing under predominantly favourable conditions. In the southern hemisphere, sowing is just beginning in Brazil.
Forecasts at a Glance
Climate Influences – La Niña conditions will likely develop during October to December 2025. Negative Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) conditions are present and are expected to continue through November.
Argentina - The October-November-December forecast indicates that most of the country will experience average precipitation. However, precipitation will likely be above-average over the Northwest, while below-average precipitation is expected over Entre Ríos, Corrientes, and Misiones.
Brazil – The three-month outlook indicates areas of likely above and below-average precipitation, while temperatures are likely to be above-average.
United States – The October outlook indicates that above-average precipitation is likely over the Pacific Northwest, the Northern Plains, and Florida, while below-average precipitation is likely over the Southern Plains stretching up into the Midwest and New England.
Wheat Conditions
Wheat crop conditions over the main growing areas are based on national and regional crop analyst inputs and earth observation data. Crop condition information is based on information as of September 28th. Where crops are in conditions other than favourable, the climatic drivers responsible for those conditions are displayed. Crop Season Specific Maps can be found in Appendix 2.
Wheat: In the Russian Federation, the spring wheat harvest is progressing, albeit more slowly than average due to excessive rains. Above-average yields are expected in parts of the Volga, the Urals, and Siberia. Winter wheat sowing is ongoing under mixed conditions due to moisture deficits in some regions. In Ukraine, sowing is beginning under extremely dry conditions in the main producing southern and eastern regions, which will likely lead to about half of the winter crop being sown later than average. In Kazakhstan, spring wheat harvesting is underway, although it has been delayed due to persistent rainfall. In China, harvesting of spring wheat is wrapping up under favourable conditions. In the US, spring wheat harvesting is nearing completion, with above-average yields in the East and below-average yields in the Northern Plains. Sowing of winter wheat is beginning under generally favourable conditions except in the Pacific Northwest due to low soil moisture. In Canada, the spring wheat harvest is progressing with a mix of average to above-average yields. Sowing of winter wheat is beginning. In Australia, average to above-average yields are expected across the country due to timely and sufficient rainfall. In Argentina, conditions are favourable as the majority of the crop develops and harvest begins in the northern region.
For detailed description of the pie chart please see box at the bottom of the page.
Maize Conditions
Maize crop conditions over the main growing areas are based on national and regional crop analyst inputs and earth observation data. Crop condition information is based on information as of September 28th. Where crops are in conditions other than favourable, the climatic drivers responsible for those conditions are displayed. Crop Season Specific Maps can be found in Appendix 2.
Maize: In Brazil, harvesting is nearing completion for the summer-planted crop (larger season) with exceptional yields. Sowing has begun for the spring-planted crop (smaller season) under favorable conditions. In China, the harvest of summer-planted crops continues under favorable conditions. In India, the Kharif crop (larger season) is under favorable conditions, with a significant increase in total sown area compared to last year. In Mexico, the spring-summer crop (larger season) continues to develop under favorable conditions. In the US, the harvest is ramping up with above-average yields expected in the northwestern Corn Belt and the Southeast. In Canada, harvesting is in progress under generally favorable conditions. In the EU, drought and repeated heatwaves in southeastern Europe have led to yield losses in Bulgaria, Hungary, and Romania. Elsewhere, conditions are mostly favorable. In Ukraine, harvesting is beginning under mixed conditions due to prolonged drought in the southern and eastern regions. In the Russian Federation, harvesting is progressing under mostly favorable conditions except in the south due to reduced soil moisture.
For detailed description of the pie chart please see box at the bottom of the page.
Rice Conditions
Rice crop conditions over the main growing areas are based on national and regional crop analyst inputs and earth observation data. Crop condition information is based on information as of September 28th. Where crops are in conditions other than favourable, the climatic drivers responsible for those conditions are displayed. Crop Season Specific Maps can be found in Appendix 2.
Rice: In China, the harvest of single-season rice (largest season) is progressing, as the late double-crop (medium season) develops. In India, Kharif rice (larger season) is under favourable conditions with an increase in the total sown area compared to last year. In Bangladesh, the sowing of the Aman crop (medium season) is finishing under favourable conditions. In Indonesia, harvesting of earlier sown dry-season rice continues. There is an increase in total sown area compared to last year. In Viet Nam, conditions are favourable despite Tropical Cyclone Kajiki causing losses to summer-autumn rice (wet-season) in the north. The flooded areas were promptly drained and replanted. In the south, the harvest of the summer-autumn rice (wet-season) continues as the autumn-winter rice and seasonal rice (wet-season) crops are grain filling. In Thailand, wet-season rice is under generally favourable conditions despite some flooding damage in the Northern and Northeast regions from storms in August. In the Philippines, wet-season rice sown during July to August is in the tillering to panicle formation stages under favourable conditions. In Brazil, sowing is beginning.
For detailed description of the pie chart please see box at the bottom of the page.
Soybean Conditions
Soybean crop conditions over the main growing areas are based on national and regional crop analyst inputs and earth observation data. Crop condition information is based on information as of September 28th. Where crops are in conditions other than favourable, the climatic drivers responsible for those conditions are displayed. Crop Season Specific Maps can be found in Appendix 2.
Soybeans: In the US, the harvest is beginning under favourable to exceptional conditions despite expanding drought in the eastern and southern areas. In Canada, harvest is beginning under generally favourable conditions, albeit with reduced yields in Quebec and parts of eastern Ontario. In China, harvesting is ongoing under favourable conditions. In India, crops continue to develop under favourable conditions. There is a decrease in the total sown area compared to last year. In Ukraine, harvesting is progressing with expected above-average yields in the western region, while below-average yields are expected in the southern and eastern regions due to prolonged drought. In Brazil, sowing is just beginning, with an expected increase in total sown area compared to last year.
For detailed description of the pie chart please see box at the bottom of the page.
Pie chart description: Each slice represents a country's share of total AMIS production (5-year average). Main producing countries (representing 95 percent of production) are shown individually, with the remaining 5 percent grouped into the “Other AMIS Countries” category. The proportion within each national slice is coloured according to the crop conditions within a specific growing area; grey indicates that the respective area is out of season. Sections within each slice are weighted by the sub-national production statistics (5-year average) of the respective country. The section within each national slice also accounts for multiple cropping seasons (i.e., spring and winter wheat). When conditions are other than’ favourable’, icons are added that provide information on the key climatic drivers affecting conditions.
Information on crop conditions in non-AMIS countries can be found in the GEOGLAM Crop Monitor for Early Warning.
Climate Influences: La Niña Watch and Emerging Negative IOD
ENSO-neutral conditions are present. La Niña conditions will likely develop during October to December 2025 (71 percent chance, according to CPC/IRI Official ENSO Outlook) and may continue during December 2025 to February 2026 (54 percent chance). ENSO neutral conditions are likely thereafter.
La Niña typically raises the chances of below-average precipitation in eastern East Africa, central-southern Asia, southern South America, the southern United States, northern Mexico, and eastern East Asia. Above-average precipitation tends to become more likely in Southeast Asia, Australia, Southern Africa, and northern South America.
Location and timing of likely above- and below-average precipitation related to La Niña events. Based on observed precipitation during 21 La Niña events since 1950, wet and dry correspond to a statistically significant increase in the frequency of precipitation in the upper and lower thirds of historical values, respectively. Statistical significance at the 95% level is based on the resampling of precipitation during neutral El Niño-Southern Oscillation conditions. Source: FEWS NET & NOAA & CHC
Negative Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) conditions are present and are expected to continue through November (> 77 percent chances, according to Copernicus Climate Change Service and Australian Bureau of Meteorology model forecasts) and may persist into December (34 to 53 percent chances). Associated with negative IOD conditions are higher chances of below-average rainfall in eastern East Africa and above-average rainfall in the Indo-Pacific region.
The timing of wet and dry conditions based on Climate Research Unit, CHIRPS, and Global Precipitation Climatology Centre precipitation (green and brown polygons), and sea surface temperature departures from average during July-September (blue and red shading), related to the IOD. The regions used to define the Dipole Mode Index are outlined in black. Source: FEWS NET 2021: IOD and Precipitation, Agroclimatology Fact Sheet Series, Vol. 3, pp. 1-2.
Global temperatures for August 2025 were the third warmest on record, according to the Copernicus Climate Change Service Climate Bulletin. During late August to September, heat waves occurred in China, southwestern Europe, Iran, western North America, and elsewhere. During late September to October, above-average temperatures are forecast in parts of southern, eastern, and northwestern Africa, Argentina, Australia, southern Brazil, Central America, China, Canada, northern Eurasia, southern Europe, Japan, and the United States.
Source: UCSB Climate Hazards Center
SubC 30-Day Max Temperature Forecast Anomaly
Period: 25-09-2025 – 24-10-2025
Maximum temperature forecast anomaly for the next 30 days starting on 21 August 2025. Subseasonal Consortium (SubC) model data accessed from the IRI Data Library. Map source: UCSB Climate Hazards Center.
Global Two-week Precipitation Forecast
The two-week forecast (Figure 1) shows a chance of above-average precipitation over southern Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, southern Honduras, southern Peru, southern Togo, southern Benin, the Central African Republic, South Sudan, southeastern Sudan, southern Eritrea, Ethiopia, Uganda, the western Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, south-central Afghanistan, central Pakistan, central and eastern India, southern Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, northwestern Myanmar, north-central China, the eastern Republic of Korea, southern Indonesia, and southern Papua New Guinea.
There is also a risk of below-average precipitation over the Ohio and southern Mississippi valleys in the US, southern Colombia, Ecuador, central and eastern Peru, eastern Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, northern Brazil, the southern United Kingdom, Portugal, western Spain, northern and central France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Czechia, Austria, Slovakia, southern Poland, southern Norway, central Sweden, eastern Latvia, northern Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, southern Serbia, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece, Türkiye, western Georgia, northwestern and northeastern Iran, northern Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, northeastern Egypt, northern Libya, western Morocco, southwestern Mauritania, northern Senegal, southeast Mali, southwest Niger, western Gabon, southwest Angola, central Namibia, northeast Tanzania, eastern Kenya, southern Somalia, southern and eastern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, eastern Uzbekistan, eastern Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, northern Afghanistan, northwestern and southern India, Sri Lanka, southern Thailand, western Malaysia, central Indonesia, and northcentral Australia.
Figure 1: IRI SubX Precipitation Biweekly Probability Forecast for 4 – 17 October 2025, issued on 26 September 2025. The forecast is based on statistically calibrated tercile category forecasts from three SubX models. Source: IRI Subseasonal Forecasts Maproom
Argentina Outlook
The October-November-December forecast indicates that most of the country will experience average precipitation. However, precipitation will likely be above-average over the Northwest, while below-average precipitation is expected over Entre Ríos, Corrientes, and Misiones. During this time, temperatures are likely to be above-average across most of the country except for the Northwest region.
Left: October-November-December 2025 precipitation forecast. Right: October-November-December 2025 temperature forecast. Images from the National Meteorological Service of Argentina.
Brazil Outlook
The October-November-December outlook indicates chances for above-average precipitation over Amapa, Maranhão, western Piauí, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, and eastern Minas Gerais, while below-average precipitation over Acre, southwest and northeast Amazonas, Rondônia, southern Para, northeastern Mato Grosso, western São Paulo, Parana, western Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul. During the same time, temperatures are expected to be above-average in most parts of the country, except for parts of Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina, Parana, eastern São Paulo, and along the eastern coast.
Left: October-November-December 2025 precipitation anomaly forecast. Right: October-November-December 2025 temperature anomaly forecast. Maps from the National Institute of Meteorology.
United States Outlook
The October outlook indicates that above-average precipitation is likely over the Pacific Northwest, the Northern Plains, and Florida, while below-average precipitation is likely over the Southern Plains stretching up into the Midwest and New England. During the same period, temperatures are likely to be above average over most of the country except for the Pacific Northwest, the Pacific Coast, and the Great Basin. Based on the current drought conditions and the October weather forecasts, drought conditions are likely to develop over parts of the Southern Plains, the Southeast, and parts of the Midwest. Conversely, drought conditions are likely to improve or be removed in parts of the Pacific Northwest and the western Northern Plains.
Upper Left: October 2025 precipitation outlook issued on 30 September 2025. Upper Right: October 2025 temperature outlook issued on 30 September 2025. Bottom: October 2025 drought outlook released on 30 September 2025. Maps from NOAA CPC and NOAA/National Weather Service, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, and Climate Prediction Center.